Moore's Law 2025: 2nm Nodes, 100B Transistors, 3nm Phone SoCs, $600B Semiconductor Market

2NM NODES • 100B TRANSISTORS • 6.8BTFLOPS PHONE SOC • MOORE'S LAW ACCELERATION

❓ Transistor Density Doubling?

Moore's Law: 2x transistors every 2 years. 1971: 2,300/chip → 2025: 100B/chip. 2nm gate length, 40% performance/2x density per node shrink.

FinFET → GAA Transistor Evolution

2nm GAAFET: 30nm pitch vs 40nm FinFET. Gate-all-around wraps 3 sides vs FinFET 2 sides. Drive current 1.4mA/μm, leakage <1nA/μm. EUV lithography achieves ±1.5nm CD control at 36nm metal pitch.

Node	Transistors	Gate Length	Performance
2nm GAA	100B	12nm	1.4mA/μm
3nm FinFET	60B	18nm	1.1mA/μm
5nm	30B	24nm	0.9mA/μm

Semiconductors power AI training, self-driving cars, 6G networks.

Smartphone SoC Engineering

Apple A19: 3nm, 6.8BTFLOPS NPU, 40% faster vs A18. 7x7cm die powers 6.9" 120Hz LTPO OLED, 48MP sensor. TSMC CoWoS packaging stacks HBM3 memory for 1.5TB/s bandwidth. Battery life 28hrs video playback.

Laptop Miniaturization Specs

Intel Lunar Lake: 4nm, 45W TDP, 48 TOPS NPU in 0.635cm² SoC. 16"→13.4" chassis shrink via System-on-Wafer. Copper-to-copper direct bonding cuts thermal resistance 40%. 20hr battery at 1080p.

Device	Process	TFLOPS	Screen Size
Phone SoC	3nm	6.8B	6.9"
Laptop CPU	4nm	48 TOPS	13.4"
Desktop GPU	5nm	120 TFLOPS	Desktop

Foundry Market Leaders 2025

Foundry	Node	Capacity	Revenue
TSMC	2nm/3nm	15M wafers/yr	$350B
Samsung	3nm GAA	8M wafers/yr	$120B
Intel	20A/18A	5M wafers/yr	$80B

Moore's Law Engineering Impact

1971→2025: 43M× transistor growth. Compute: 10K→100P FLOPS. Cost/chip: $10K→$0.10. Enables GPT-5 10T params, autonomous L5 driving, quantum simulation 1000 qubits.